What Causes Glomerulonephritis?
Glomerulonephritis can occur suddenly (acute) or develop gradually over time (chronic). Common causes include:
- Infections, especially streptococcal throat or skin infections
- Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- Vasculitis and other inflammatory conditions
- Diabetes and long-standing hypertension
- Certain medications and toxins
In some cases, the exact cause may be unknown.
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Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms vary depending on the severity and type of glomerulonephritis. Common features include:
- Swelling of the face, hands, feet, or ankles (edema)
- Foamy urine due to proteinuria
- Blood in the urine (hematuria)
- Reduced urine output
- High blood pressure
- Fatigue
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Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings and investigations. These may include:
- Urinalysis showing protein or blood
- Blood tests assessing kidney function (urea, creatinine)
- Imaging studies such as ultrasound
- Kidney biopsy in selected cases to confirm the type and severity
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Management
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. Management may include:
- Treating the underlying infection or condition
- Controlling blood pressure
- Use of corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs
- Dietary modifications such as reduced salt and protein intake
- Dialysis in severe or advanced cases
Early diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial to prevent progression to chronic kidney disease.